Origin of diastereofacial selectivity in tertiary 2-adamantyl cations

The intrinsic factors governing the diastereofacial selectivity of 2-methyl-5-X-2-adamantyl cations (X = F (I(F)), Si(CH(3))(3) (I(Si))) toward a representative nucleophile, i.e., methanol, have been investigated in the gas phase at 750 Torr and in the 20-80 degrees C temperature range. The kinetic results indicate that CH(3)OH addition to I(F) proceeds through tight transition structures (TS(F)(syn) and TS(F)(anti)) characterized by advanced C-O bonding. The same interactions are much less pronounced in the comparatively loose transition structures involved in the CH(3)OH addition to I(Si) (TS(Si)(syn) and TS(Si)(anti)). The experimental evidence indicates that the activation barriers for the anti addition to I(F) and I(Si) are invariably lower than those for the syn attack. Large adverse entropic factors account for the preferred syn diastereoselectivity observed in the reaction with I(F). Entropy plays a minor role in the much looser transition structures involved in the reaction with I(Si), which instead exhibits a preferred anti diastereoselectivity. Comparison of the above gas-phase results with related theoretical and solution data suggests that the diastereofacial selectivity of I(F) and I(Si) measured in solution arises in part from the differential solvation of the two faces of the pyramidalized ions.