Dendritic cells as a tool to induce anergic and regulatory T cells

The induction of antigen-specific T-cell tolerance in the thymus and its maintenance in the periphery is crucial for the prevention of autoimmunity. As well as their stimulatory functions, there is growing evidence that dendritic cells, acting as professional antigen-presenting cells, also maintain and regulate T-cell tolerance in the periphery. This control function is exerted by certain maturation stages and subsets of different ontogeny, and can be influenced by immunomodulatory agents. What is the current state of knowledge of the "immunoregulatory" properties of dendritic cells and how might tolerance-inducing dendritic cells be relevant to therapeutic applications in humans?