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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
10:16

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Published on: June 28, 2018

An upstream repressor element plays a role in Igf2 imprinting.

S Eden1, M Constancia, T Hashimshony

  • 1Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

The EMBO Journal
|July 4, 2001
PubMed
Summary

The Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2) gene

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Last Updated: Jul 19, 2026

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In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation
  • Genomic Imprinting

Background:

  • The Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2) gene is subject to genomic imprinting.
  • Differential DNA methylation on the active paternal allele regulates Igf2 expression.
  • Understanding the mechanisms controlling imprinted gene expression is crucial for developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify regulatory elements controlling Igf2 imprinting.
  • To elucidate the role of DNA methylation in Igf2 gene repression.
  • To investigate the trans-acting factors involved in Igf2 regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence analysis to identify potential regulatory regions.
  • Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to detect protein binding.
  • DNA methylation analysis.
  • In vivo targeting experiments to assess repressor function.

Main Results:

  • A novel repressor element was identified upstream of the imprinted Igf2 gene.
  • The repressor activity is mediated by a trans-acting factor, GCF2.
  • DNA methylation at this site prevents GCF2 binding and repressor activity.
  • This element is essential for the in vivo repression of the maternal Igf2 allele.

Conclusions:

  • A methylation-sensitive repressor element controls Igf2 imprinting.
  • GCF2 is a key trans-acting factor in Igf2 gene regulation.
  • Epigenetic modifications play a critical role in establishing and maintaining allele-specific gene expression patterns.