Determination and characterization of diuretics in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to pneumatically...

The aim of this work was to develop a method for the characterization and determination of diuretics in human urine samples by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization (ES) mass spectrometry (MS). The diuretics studied were substances forbidden by the IOC such as trichlormethiazide, furosemide, canrenoic acid, benzthiazide, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid and spironolactone. For this purpose, the operational parameters of electrospray, such as counter electrode voltage, capillary voltage, sample cone voltage and source temperature, were optimized in order to obtain the best signal stability and the highest sensitivity for the greatest number of diuretic agents. The optimized separation method was successfully coupled with the MS system to analyze the above-mentioned diuretics extracted from spiked urine samples by a liquid extraction and clean-up procedure at basic pH, using ethyl acetate as solvent and the salting-out effect (NaCl). The mass spectra obtained provide adequate information for identification purposes. Positive urine samples obtained from athletes were also analyzed. The presence of these substances in human urine was confirmed by this method, making LC/ES-MS an analytical tool to be considered in the area of antidoping control.