Transoesophageal acoustic quantification for evaluation of cardiac function during laparoscopic surgery

Pneumoperitoneum may be poorly tolerated in patients with marginal cardiopulmonary function. Transoesophageal echocardiography is a relatively non-invasive technique that can track changes in left ventricular cavity area using acoustic quantification and has been found to provide a reliable, real-time estimation of left ventricular function. We evaluated mid-papillary fractional area change during pneumoperitoneum in 17 healthy adult patients (group 1) and 17 with hypertension and/or ischaemic heart disease (group 2) undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Peritoneal insufflation led to significant (p < 0.01) decreases in fractional area change and an increase in mean blood pressure. There was no significant change in heart rate. Patients with cardiovascular disease who had a > 30% decrease in fractional area change following carbon dioxide insufflation (group 2B) were given an intravenous infusion of glyceryl trinitrate. In groups 1 and 2A, fractional area change improved slightly with head-up tilt and continued to improve over the course of surgery. Glyceryl trinitrate led to a significant increase in fractional area change and a decrease in mean blood pressure back to baseline values. We conclude that peritoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide results in a significant increase in cardiac workload that is well tolerated in patients with no cardiovascular disease. Coexisting cardiovascular disease can result in even more pronounced impairment of cardiac function, which may not be predictable by clinical assessment or adequately determined by routine monitoring. We recommend the use of transoesophageal acoustic quantification as a monitor in these patients and the administration of glyceryl trinitrate to ameliorate myocardial stress.