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Cardiovascular disease: risk factors, secular trends, and therapeutic guidelines
Insights
Cardiovascular disease mortality has declined, but coronary heart disease shows a modest decrease while heart failure has increased. Major risk factors like lipids, blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes are reviewed.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Public Health Epidemiology
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a significant public health concern.
- Understanding secular trends in CVD incidence, risk factors, and outcomes is crucial for effective prevention and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review cardiovascular disease incidence and risk factors.
- To analyze secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors, morbidity, and mortality.
- To provide U.S. guidelines and recommendations for cardiovascular care.
Main Methods:
- Review of evidence from large-scale, prospective, observational, and interventional studies.
- Analysis of secular trends in cardiovascular disease mortality, coronary heart disease, and cardiac failure.
- Inclusion of data on major risk factors and specific patient populations.
Main Results:
- Demonstrated declines in overall cardiovascular disease mortality over the past 30 years.
- Observed a more modest decline in coronary heart disease.
- Noted an increase in cardiac failure incidence and prevalence.
Conclusions:
- Cardiovascular disease trends show a complex pattern with declining overall mortality but rising heart failure.
- Major risk factors including lipids, blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes remain critical.
- Guidelines and evidence-based strategies are essential for managing cardiovascular health, with considerations for chronic renal disease patients.
Abstract:
A brief review of cardiovascular disease incidence and risk factors for coronary heart disease and cardiac failure is presented. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors, morbidity, and mortality are a major focus. Declines in cardiovascular disease mortality over the past 30 yr, a more modest decline in coronary heart disease, and an increase in cardiac failure are demonstrated. Emphasis is placed on evidence from large-scale, prospective, observational and interventional studies, and the pertinent U.S. guidelines and recommendations for care are provided. Consideration is given to the major risk factors, including lipids, blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Additional information is also given concerning the role of vitamins, homocysteine metabolism, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Although this review focuses on commonly accepted risk factors in the general population, where appropriate, specific information that is relevant to patients with chronic renal disease is provided.