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Cell cycle transitions in early Xenopus development.

J L Maller1, S D Gross, M S Schwab

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262-0236, USA.

Novartis Foundation Symposium
|July 11, 2001
PubMed
Summary
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MAPK activation via MEK is crucial for inhibiting cyclin B degradation during Xenopus oocyte maturation, with p90Rsk mediating this effect. The mid-blastula transition involves cell cycle changes regulated by timers and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratios, impacting apoptosis sensitivity.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cell cycle regulation
  • Molecular mechanisms

Background:

  • Xenopus oocytes and embryos exhibit two key maternal cell-cycle transitions: oocyte maturation and the mid-blastula transition (MBT).
  • Oocyte maturation involves consecutive M phases (Meiosis I and II) without an intervening S phase, a process tightly regulated by signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of MAPK signaling in regulating cell-cycle transitions during Xenopus oocyte maturation.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling cell-cycle progression and apoptosis sensitivity at the mid-blastula transition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized U0126, a potent inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEK), to study MAPK pathway involvement.
  • Employed constitutively active p90Rsk to rescue MAPK-deficient oocyte maturation defects.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analyzed cell-cycle regulators, including cyclins and phosphatases, and apoptosis-related proteins (p27Xic1, Bcl-2, Bax, Akt).

    • Main Results:

    • MAPK activation is essential for inhibiting anaphase-promoting complex and cyclin B degradation at the Meiosis I/Meiosis II transition.
    • MAPK's role in oocyte maturation is entirely mediated through the activation of the protein kinase p90Rsk.
    • Mid-blastula transition events are controlled by distinct mechanisms, including a developmental timer and nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, influencing apoptosis sensitivity and cell cycle length.

    Conclusions:

    • MAPK-p90Rsk signaling is a critical regulator of meiotic cell cycle progression in Xenopus oocytes.
    • Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis sensitivity undergo significant, differentially controlled changes at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus embryos.