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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

46.5K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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The Water Cycle01:00

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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Responses to Drought and Flooding02:41

Responses to Drought and Flooding

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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments01:19

Body Water Content and Fluid Compartments

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Life's biochemical processes occur within aqueous solutions. Solutes are substances that are dissolved within these solutions. The human body contains a variety of solutes, which can differ across various body parts. These can encompass proteins—such as those responsible for clotting and carbohydrate transport—as well as electrolytes. In medicine, an electrolyte is often described as a mineral ion derived from a salt possessing an electric charge. Examples include sodium ions...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

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Water and the martian landscape.

V R Baker1

  • 1Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, USA. baker@hwr.arizona.edu

Nature
|July 13, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Recent Mars missions reveal evidence of brief, recent water activity, challenging the long-held view of a continuously cold and dry planet. These findings prompt new hypotheses about Mars

Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Geology
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Mars' geological history has been studied for 30 years via spacecraft missions.
  • Prevailing view: Martian surface has been extremely cold and dry for 3.9 billion years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze recent data on Martian water-generated landforms.
  • To reconcile new findings with existing models of Mars' climate history.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the Mars Global Surveyor mission.
  • Interpretation of evidence for water-related activity, including glaciation.

Main Results:

  • Confirmation of brief episodes of water-related activity in Mars' geological history.
  • Identification of the most recent water activity occurring within the past 10 million years.

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  • New results are anomalous compared to the long-standing cold and dry model.

    • Conclusions:

    • Recent water activity challenges the established view of Mars' climate.
    • Controversial interpretations necessitate new hypotheses for Mars' evolution.
    • Understanding Mars' anomalies may offer insights into Earth's geological evolution.