Photoisomerization by hula-twist: a fundamental supramolecular photochemical reaction

The volume-conserving hula-twist cis/trans isomerization process has been incorporated in a general scheme for photoisomerization of polyenes, applicable to small organic molecules as well as to protein-bound polyene chromophores. The main theme is that in solution the conventional one-bond-flip mechanism dominates, while in frozen media (or under other forms of supramolecular constraint) the hula-twist mechanism takes over. Literature examples of photoisomerization obtained under confined conditions have been critically reviewed, the applicability of HT has been examined, and new systems unambiguously testing this volume-conserving process are proposed.