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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:32

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Toroids01:27

Toroids

A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
When connected to a supply, the magnetic field generated in the toroid has field lines circular and concentric to its axis. Conventionally, the direction of this magnetic field is expressed using the right-hand rule. If the fingers of the right hand curl in the current direction, the thumb points in the...
The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

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A Direct Force Probe for Measuring Mechanical Integration Between the Nucleus and the Cytoskeleton
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A coiled coil with a fluorous core.

B Bilgiçer1, A Fichera, K Kumar

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 18, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study designed a fluorinated peptide system for enhanced stability. The novel fluorinated peptide demonstrated increased stability and a higher melting point compared to its hydrocarbon counterpart.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Peptide Chemistry
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Coiled coil structures are crucial in protein-protein interactions.
  • Designing stable peptide systems is important for biomolecular applications.
  • Fluorinated amino acids offer unique properties for peptide modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a highly fluorinated peptide system based on the GCN4 coiled coil.
  • To investigate the structural and stability characteristics of the fluorinated peptide.
  • To explore the potential of fluorinated peptides in self-assembling systems.

Main Methods:

  • Peptide design and synthesis incorporating unnatural amino acids (5,5,5-trifluoroleucine and 4,4,4-trifluorovaline).
  • Circular dichroism spectroscopy to assess secondary structure.
  • Analytical ultracentrifugation to determine oligomeric state.
  • Guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation experiments to measure unfolding free energy.

Main Results:

  • The fluorinated peptide is highly alpha-helical in solution.
  • It forms a stable dimeric species.
  • The fluorinated peptide exhibits a 15°C higher melting temperature and increased stability compared to a hydrocarbon control.
  • Apparent free energy of unfolding is approximately 1.0 kcal/mol greater for the fluorinated peptide.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporation of trifluoromethyl groups enhances peptide stability.
  • Hydrophobic trifluoromethyl groups are effectively sequestered from the aqueous solvent.
  • This work presents a new approach for designing self-assembling systems using orthogonal solubility properties.