Increase in class 2 aldehyde dehydrogenase expression by arachidonic acid in rat hepatoma cells

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a family of several isoenzymes important in cell defence against both exogenous and endogenous aldehydes. Compared with normal hepatocytes, in rat hepatoma cells the following changes in the expression of ALDH occur: cytosolic class 3 ALDH expression appears and mitochondrial class 2 ALDH decreases. In parallel with these changes, a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content in membrane phospholipids occurs. In the present study we demonstrated that restoring the levels of arachidonic acid in 7777 and JM2 rat hepatoma cell lines to those seen in hepatocytes decreases hepatoma cell growth, and increases class 2 ALDH activity. This latter effect appears to be due to an increased gene transcription of class 2 ALDH. To account for this increase, we examined whether peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) or lipid peroxidation were involved. We demonstrated a stimulation of PPAR expression, which is different in the two hepatoma cell lines: in the 7777 cell line, there was an increase in PPAR alpha expression, whereas PPAR gamma expression increased in JM2 cells. We also found increased lipid peroxidation, but this increase became evident at a later stage when class 2 ALDH expression had already increased. In conclusion, arachidonic acid added to the culture medium of hepatoma cell lines is able to partially restore the normal phenotype of class 2 ALDH, in addition to a decrease in cell growth.