Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 5, 2026

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
Published on: March 21, 2013
Postural reflexes evoked by tapping forehead and chest
1Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. kboetzel@brain.nefo.med.uni-muenchen.de
Abstract:
We investigated whether a tap with a reflex hammer to the forehead can elicit responses in the leg muscles and whether vestibular stimulation is the crucial prerequisite for eliciting these responses. We also measured the postural changes caused by the tap and by the compensatory, presumably reflex-like reactions of the subject. Tap-evoked activity of leg muscles was easily elicited during upright stance in normal subjects and was also seen in two subjects without vestibular function. The pattern of muscle activation clearly showed a counteraction to the tap-evoked perturbation of stance. Taps applied to the chest elicited similar reflexes. Since these two conditions imply a different activation of the vestibular apparatus, the vestibular input alone cannot account for the observed leg muscle reflexes. We suggest that multisensory reflex pathways that integrate vestibular and proprioceptive inputs account for these reflexes.
Related Concept Videos
Reflex Activity
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Early Reflexes During Infancy
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Palpation
Thoracic Palpation
Thoracic palpation detects tenderness, masses, lesions, respiratory excursions, and vocal fremitus. The nurse assesses...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract III: Percussion
Percussion in Respiratory Assessment
Percussion evaluates underlying tissue composition with audible and tactile vibrations,...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
