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Updated: Jul 30, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
Published on: January 7, 2016
Growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hypermobility syndrome
1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Objective:
To investigate growth factors in patients with hypermobility syndrome (HMS), namely insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (GH).
Methods:
Standard radioimmunoassay quantified serum levels of insulin, IGF-1, and GH in 24 women and 7 men with HMS, and in suitable age and sex matched controls. Several patients with other heritable connective disorders were also studied, including congenital hip dysplasia and severe kyphosis.
Results:
Patients with HMS and with otherwise unexplained joint and muscle pain were found to have elevated levels of insulin, IGF-1, and GH. Patients with heritable connective tissue disorders had elevated GH levels, and several patients had elevated insulin and IGF-1 levels.
Conclusion:
In patients with HMS, elevation of serum growth factors helps establish the diagnosis. GH alone can induce muscle and joint pain.
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