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Comments on biological asymmetry.

J M Opitz1, A Utkus

  • 1Pediatrics (Medical Genetics), Human Genetics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA. john.opitz@hsc.utah.edu

American Journal of Medical Genetics
|July 27, 2001
PubMed
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Biological asymmetry, often misconstrued as an abnormality, is a fundamental aspect of development and evolution. This study explores various forms of biological asymmetry, including laterality determination and fluctuating asymmetry, challenging the notion of "perfect" symmetry.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • The concept of
  • Biological symmetry, particularly bilateral and radial symmetry, has been culturally idealized as the
  • However, anatomical and surgical observations reveal inherent asymmetries in organ placement (e.g., heart, liver) and visceral arrangement, contradicting this ideal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the notion of
  • To differentiate between various forms of biological asymmetry and their underlying causal bases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and surgical findings.
  • Analysis of evolutionary developmental modifications, citing Amphioxus as an example.
  • Discussion of anthropological studies on fluctuating asymmetry and its implications.

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Main Results:

  • Evolutionary developmental processes have led to the abolition of visceral symmetry, establishing laterality determination.
  • Fluctuating asymmetry, characterized by random variations, is a distinct phenomenon from laterality determination and is less influenced by natural selection.
  • Other forms of biological asymmetry include Lyonization, mosaicism, chimaerism, and developmental resistance observed in hereditary malformations.

Conclusions:

  • Biological asymmetry is a pervasive and fundamental aspect of development and evolution, not merely an abnormality.
  • Understanding the diverse causal bases of asymmetry is crucial for fields ranging from anatomy to evolutionary biology.