Effect of salinity on flavin-containing monooxygenase expression and activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In order to obtain more information about the physiological role(s) of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in euryhaline teleost fishes, two experimental series were performed using adult and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cannulated adult trout were exposed to freshwater or 21% seawater for 48 h, whereas juvenile trout were acclimated to one of four different salinities: freshwater, 7%, 14%, or 21% during a 2-week period. FMO expression and activity were determined in red blood cells (RBC), liver, gill, kidney, gut, heart and brain. Furthermore, the content of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO; an FMO metabolite and an osmolyte) as well as urea were determined in various tissues. FMO expression and activity increased significantly and in a salinity dependent manner in osmoregulatory organs (gills, kidney and gut) in both juveniles and adult trout and, furthermore, in RBC in adults. No significant changes were observed in liver or heart. Urea content increased significantly and in a salinity dependent manner in all tissues, whereas TMAO was accumulated primarily in muscle tissue. Salinity dependent adjustment of FMO expression and activity primarily in osmoregulatory organs as well as regulation of TMAO content in muscle is consistent with previous studies showing an association of FMO with osmoregulation in euryhaline teleosts. However, the lack of a parallel increase of TMAO with urea in other tissues of fish at high salinity indicates other mechanisms of protection from intracellular urea may exist in non-muscular tissues.