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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translation01:31

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are called the...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Translating the histone code.

T Jenuwein1, C D Allis

  • 1Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) at the Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. jenuwein@nt.imp.univie.ac.at

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 11, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posttranslational modifications on histones create a "histone code," regulating gene activity and impacting cell development. This epigenetic system influences most chromatin-templated processes, affecting cell fate and disease.

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Published on: May 17, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chromatin serves as the template for eukaryotic genetic information.
  • Histone amino termini undergo posttranslational modifications.
  • These modifications regulate DNA accessibility and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of histone modifications in regulating chromatin states.
  • To introduce the concept of a
  • histone code
  • that extends genetic information.
  • To highlight the significance of this epigenetic marking system in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone amino-terminal modifications.
  • Investigation of protein-chromatin interactions.
  • Examination of chromatin states (active vs. silent).

Main Results:

  • Distinct histone modifications create varied affinities for chromatin-associated proteins.
  • These interactions drive transitions between active and silent chromatin.
  • Combinatorial histone modifications form a complex regulatory code.

Conclusions:

  • The "histone code" is a fundamental epigenetic regulatory mechanism.
  • This system impacts nearly all chromatin-templated processes.
  • It has profound consequences for cell fate, development, and disease.