Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

Design Example

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

Signal and System

Signal and System

A signal x(t) is a set of data or a time function representing a variable of interest. Signals typically convey information about a phenomenon, such as atmospheric temperature, humidity, human voice, television images, a dog's bark, or birdsongs. More generally, a signal can be a function of more than one independent variable. For instance, images depend on horizontal and vertical positions and can be regarded as two-dimensional signals. However, this text will focus on one-dimensional signals...

Classification of Signals

Classification of Signals

In signal processing, signals are classified based on various characteristics: continuous-time versus discrete-time, periodic versus aperiodic, analog versus digital, and causal versus noncausal. Each category highlights distinct properties crucial for understanding and manipulating signals.
A continuous-time signal holds a value at every instant in time, representing information seamlessly. In contrast, a discrete-time signal holds values only at specific moments, often denoted as x(n), where...

Signal Flow Graphs

Signal Flow Graphs

Signal-flow graphs offer a streamlined and intuitive approach to representing control systems, providing an alternative to traditional block diagrams. These graphs use branches to symbolize systems and nodes to represent signals, effectively illustrating the relationships and interactions within the system.
In a signal-flow graph, branches denote the system's transfer functions, while nodes represent the signals. The direction of signal flow is indicated by arrows, with the corresponding...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A telephone intervention to achieve differentiation in dietary intake: a randomized trial in paediatric primary care.

Pediatric obesity·2016

Same author

Research challenges for drug-induced birth defects.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2016

Same author

Registered Replication Report: Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990).

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2015

Same author

Survival in commercially insured multiple sclerosis patients and comparator subjects in the U.S.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2015

Same author

Maternal hypertensive disorders, antihypertensive medication use, and the risk of birth defects: a case-control study.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2014

Same author

Adverse drug reactions in utero: perspectives on teratogens and strategies for the future.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2011

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Signal generation and clarification: use of case-control data.

D W Kaufman¹, L Rosenberg, A A Mitchell

¹Slone Epidemiology Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, 1371 Beacon Street, Brookline, MA 02446, USA. david@slone.bu.edu

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety

|August 15, 2001

Summary

Case-control surveillance systems effectively identify potential adverse drug effects. These systems provide detailed data for in-depth analysis, reducing false alarms in drug safety monitoring.

More Related Videos

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Published on: January 9, 2016

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 25, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Published on: January 9, 2016

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Studying Cavitation Enhanced Therapy

Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Pharmacovigilance
Epidemiology
Drug Safety

Background:

Established case-control surveillance systems have monitored drug effects since 1976.
These systems collect extensive data on diagnoses and covariates.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the utility of case-control surveillance systems for generating signals of potential adverse drug events.
To emphasize the capacity of these systems for in-depth analysis and confounding control.

Main Methods:

Utilizing established case-control surveillance systems, including the Slone Epidemiology Unit's Case-Control Surveillance and the Birth Defects Study.
Leveraging extensive data on patient diagnoses and covariates for detailed analysis.

Main Results:

Case-control surveillance systems are effective in 'signal' generation for previously unidentified adverse drug effects.
In-depth analyses with specifically defined outcomes and controlled confounding reduce the likelihood of false alarms.

Conclusions:

Case-control surveillance systems are valuable tools for early detection of adverse drug reactions.
The detailed data and analytical capabilities of these systems enhance the reliability of drug safety signals.