Cartilage in pulmonary valves of Syrian hamsters

The presence of cartilage in the pulmonary valve has been reported in birds, but not in mammals. We describe here the occurrence of cartilaginous tissue in the pulmonary valves of 40 (11.4%) of 351 Syrian hamsters examined using histological, histochemical and/or immunohistochemical techniques. The cartilaginous deposits were located along the fibrous attachments of the valve leaflets to the wall of the pulmonary artery trunk. Our findings indicate that the proximal attachments of the leaflets to their respective sinuses, and especially that of the ventral leaflet, are the most prone valvular regions to develop cartilaginous foci. Nonetheless, the possible function of these foci remains an open question. Formation of cartilage in the pulmonary valve starts within the first month of life, that is during the period in which the valve reaches histological maturation. The earliest evidence of chondrogenesis is the presence of small groups of cells embedded in a type II collagen-positive extracellular matrix. These groups of cells, which can appear as early as one day after birth, increase moderately in size and differentiate into hyaline cartilaginous tissue. The precursors of the cartilaginous cells are presumed to be neural crest-derived elements. However, the factor or factors involved in the differentiation of these precursors into chondrocytes are still unknown. In this regard, our observations cast doubt on the hypothesis that the formation of cardiac cartilages is primarily due to locally intense mechanical stimulation.