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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats
13:26

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

Prolonged interval hyposensitization therapy in hymenoptera-sensitive patients.

M Coleman, J H Barnard, S E Barr

    The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
    |September 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    This 10-year study found that less frequent immunotherapy for Hymenoptera allergy (every 2-3 months) is as effective as traditional 4-week intervals, with fewer patient visits and lower costs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Allergy and Immunology
    • Clinical Therapeutics

    Background:

    • Hymenoptera venom allergy affects numerous patients.
    • Conventional immunotherapy requires frequent clinic visits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of extended intervals for Hymenoptera immunotherapy.
    • To assess the impact on patient visits and costs.

    Main Methods:

    • A 10-year study involving 397 patients with Hymenoptera allergy.
    • Treatment with glycerosaline or aqueous whole body mixed Hymenoptera extracts.
    • Maintenance doses administered at 2 or 3-month intervals.

    Main Results:

    • Patients experienced few adverse reactions.
    • Local reactions sometimes necessitated longer intervals between doses.
    • Clinical response was comparable to conventional 4-week interval therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • Extended intervals (2-3 months) for Hymenoptera immunotherapy are effective and safe.
    • This approach reduces patient visits and healthcare costs.
    • Offers a viable alternative to conventional immunotherapy schedules.