Ultrasound of focal liver lesions

This paper gives a comprehensive overview of ultrasound of focal liver lesions. Technical aspects such as examination technique and the use of Doppler modes as well as recent developments such as tissue harmonic imaging and microbubble contrast agents are discussed. The clinical significance and sonographic features of various liver lesions such as haemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, adenoma, regenerative nodule, metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and various types of focal infections are described. With the exception of cysts and typical haemangiomas, definitive characterisation of a liver lesion is often not possible on conventional ultrasound. This situation has changed with the recent advent of ultrasound contrast agents, which permit definitive diagnosis of most lesions. Contrast-enhanced sonography using recently developed contrast-specific imaging modes dramatically extends the role of liver ultrasound by improving its specificity in the detection and characterisation of focal lesions to rival CT and MRI.