Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 9, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
Published on: January 24, 2018
A three-dimensional study of calcaneonavicular tarsal coalitions
D R Cooperman1, B E Janke, A Gilmore
1Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. DANIEL.COOPERMAN@uhhs.com
Abstract:
The authors studied 37 presumed calcaneonavicular tarsal coalitions from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The anatomy of the coalitions and the associated subtalar and transverse tarsal joints was quite variable. The coalitions in 8 specimens completely spared the anterior facet of the calcaneus and in 7 specimens it was partially replaced by the navicular portion of the coalition, whereas in 22 specimens the anterior calcaneal facet was completely replaced by the navicular portion of the coalition. The authors suggest that the pathoanatomy of calcaneonavicular coalitions is not uniform and may involve the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. This may have clinical relevance and contribute to the unsatisfactory results in feet undergoing coalition resection and soft tissue interposition.
Related Concept Videos
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints
Ankle Joint
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Structural Classification of Joints
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

