Peptide mapping by capillary zone electrophoresis: how close is theoretical simulation to experimental determination

A multi-variable computer model is presented for the prediction of the electrophoretic mobilities of peptides at pH 2.5 from known physico-chemical constants of their amino acid residues. The model is empirical and does not claim any theoretical dependencies; however, the results suggest that, at least at this pH, peptides may be theoretically represented as classical polymers of freely joined amino acid residues of unequal sizes. The model assumes that the electrophoretic mobility can be represented by a product of three functions that return the contributions of peptide charge, length and width, respectively to the mobility. The model relies on accurate experimental determination of the electrophoretic mobilities of a diverse set of peptides, by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), at 22 degrees C, with a 50 mM phosphate buffer, at pH 2.5. The electrophoretic mobilities of a basis set of 102 peptides that varied in charge from 0.65 to 16 and in size from two to 42 amino acid residues were accurately measured at these fixed experimental conditions using a stable 10% linear polyacrylamide-coated column. Data from this basis set was used to derive the peptide charge, length, and width functions respectively. The main purpose of this endeavor is to use the model for the prediction of peptide mobilities at pH 2.5, and for simulation of CZE peptide maps of protein digests. Excellent agreement was obtained between predicted and experimental electrophoretic mobilities for all categories of peptides, including the highly charged and the hydrophobic. To illustrate the utility of this model in protein studies it was used to simulate theoretical peptide maps of the digests of glucagon and horse cytochrome c. The resulting maps were compared and contrasted with their experimental counterparts. The potential of this approach and its limitations are discussed.