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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation
07:47

Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation

Published on: November 6, 2014

Regulation of SR protein localization during development.

J R Sanford1, J P Bruzik

  • 1Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 30, 2001
PubMed
Summary

In early Ascaris lumbricoides development, essential splicing factors (SR proteins) and RNA polymerase II are stockpiled in the cytoplasm. They relocate to the nucleus, coordinating with mRNA splicing and gene activation.

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Analysis of Spliceosomal snRNA Localization in Human Hela Cells Using Microinjection
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Ser-Arg-rich (SR) proteins are crucial for mRNA splicing and splice-site selection.
  • Control mechanisms for SR protein activity, particularly subcellular localization, remain largely uncharacterized.
  • Understanding these regulatory processes is key to deciphering gene expression control during development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the subcellular localization dynamics of precursor mRNA splicing factors during early Ascaris lumbricoides embryogenesis.
  • To correlate these localization changes with the onset of zygotic gene activation and mRNA splicing.

Main Methods:

  • Microscopic examination of Ascaris lumbricoides embryos at different developmental stages.
  • Immunolocalization techniques to track SR proteins and RNA polymerase II.
  • Analysis of trimethylguanosine-capped small nuclear ribonucleoproteins localization.

Main Results:

  • In early embryos, SR proteins and RNA polymerase II are primarily cytoplasmic before major zygotic gene activation.
  • As development progresses, a significant shift to nuclear localization for SR proteins and RNA polymerase II is observed.
  • Trimethylguanosine-capped small nuclear ribonucleoproteins remain predominantly nuclear throughout this period.

Conclusions:

  • A coordinated cytoplasmic-to-nuclear relocation of SR proteins and RNA polymerase II occurs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition in A. lumbricoides.
  • This spatial regulation suggests SR proteins and RNA polymerase II are maternally stockpiled and activated upon developmental cues.
  • The findings provide insights into the temporal control of gene expression during early embryonic development.