Improving end-of-life experience and care in the community: a conceptual framework

End-of-life research and interventions have mostly focused on patients and family. There are compelling reasons for studying end-of-life experience and care from a community perspective. "Whole community" approaches to end-of-life care have been endorsed by the Institute of Medicine Committee on Care at End of Life. Building on the model developed by Stewart and colleagues, which integrates quality of life and quality of health indicators, a conceptual framework is presented that describes pertinent whole-community characteristics, structures, processes, and outcomes. The framework offers a map for whole-community research, intervention, and evaluation with the goal of changing the community culture related to life's end and thereby improving the quality of life for dying people and their families.