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Secular change in craniofacial morphology.

R.L. Jantz1, Lee Meadows Jantz

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.

American Journal of Human Biology : the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council
|September 5, 2001
PubMed
Summary
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Secular changes reveal significant alterations in human skull morphology from the 19th to 20th centuries. Cranial vault height increased, while the vault became longer and narrower, indicating substantial craniofacial evolution.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Anthropology
  • Human Evolution
  • Forensic Anthropology

Background:

  • Secular changes in human morphology are influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
  • Previous studies have documented secular trends in skeletal dimensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate secular changes in craniofacial morphology from the mid-19th century to the 1970s.
  • To analyze changes in cranial vault and facial dimensions over time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized five craniofacial variables: glabella-occipital length, basion-bregma height, maximum cranial breadth, nasion-prosthion height, and bizygomatic breadth.
  • Analyzed data from anatomical collections and a forensic anthropology databank, including Black and White individuals of both sexes.
  • Employed regression analysis of cranial variables against year of birth, assessing both original variables and size-shape ratios.

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Main Results:

  • Observed significant secular changes in cranial vault size and shape.
  • Cranial vault height increased in all groups, both absolutely and relatively.
  • The cranial vault became longer and narrower, with facial changes including increased height and decreased breadth.

Conclusions:

  • Craniofacial morphology has undergone notable secular changes, with shape alterations being more pronounced than size increases.
  • The magnitude of secular change in cranial vault height is comparable to that of long bones, suggesting shared environmental influences.
  • Craniofacial development, particularly vault dimensions, is established early in childhood, implying that observed changes reflect early-life environmental impacts.