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Related Experiment Videos

Understanding solid/solid organic reactions.

G Rothenberg1, A P Downie, C L Raston

  • 1York Green Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 6, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Most solid-phase organic reactions involve a liquid phase formed by grinding solid reactants. This eutectic mixture formation explains reaction kinetics and challenges the notion of true solid-phase reactions.

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Investigating organic reactions between solid particles is crucial for developing new synthetic methodologies.
  • Many reactions are reported to occur in the solid phase, but their mechanisms require clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the concept of solid-phase organic reactions.
  • To determine the role of phase changes in reactions between solid reactants.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 19 reported "solid-phase" organic reactions.
  • Mechanical mixing (grinding) of solid reactants.
  • Observation of phase changes (liquefaction) and reaction kinetics.

Main Results:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Grinding solid reactants typically forms a liquid phase, often a eutectic mixture with a melting point below ambient temperature.
  • This liquefaction occurs in both catalytic and noncatalytic reactions, including aldol condensations, Baeyer-Villiger oxidations, and aromatic brominations.
  • Observed reaction kinetics are explained by the transition from solid to liquid phase.

    • Conclusions:

    • True solid-phase reactions between macroscopic particles are rare; liquefaction is a common phenomenon.
    • Eutectic or peritectic formation is key to understanding reactions involving mechanical mixing of solid reagents.
    • A general model for reactive systems involving solid reagents should account for potential liquid phase formation.