Enzymatic catalysis in organic media: fundamentals and selected applications

The use of enzymes in organic solvents significantly extends conventional aqueous-based biocatalysis. This field is reviewed with respect to the salient factors that govern enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous media. Specific examples of peroxidase catalysis in organic media are discussed (e.g., phenolic polymerizations and enzymic temperature abuse sensors). Given that membranous parts of a cell are highly nonaqueous in character, the study of enzymes in poorly hydrated media may provide clues as to the function of membrane-bound enzymes and their response to different gravitational forces.