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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM
11:59

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

Published on: September 27, 2017

Water diffusion in a basaltic melt.

Y Zhang1, E M Stolper

  • 1Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.

Nature
|May 23, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Water diffusion in basaltic magma is faster than previously thought, impacting gas release and volcanic processes. This study reveals key insights into water

Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Volcanology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Water is the most abundant volatile in terrestrial basalts.
  • Understanding water diffusion in basaltic melts is crucial for magma degassing processes.
  • Volatile fractionation during degassing influences magma evolution and eruption dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure water diffusivity in basaltic liquids at high temperatures.
  • To investigate the speciation and diffusion mechanisms of water in basaltic melts.
  • To compare water diffusivity with carbon dioxide diffusivity in basaltic melts.

Main Methods:

  • Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine water concentration profiles.
  • Water diffusion experiments were conducted on basaltic liquids at temperatures ranging from 1,300 to 1,500 degrees C.
Keywords:
NASA Discipline ExobiologyNASA Discipline Number 52-20NASA Program ExobiologyNon-NASA Center

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  • Water concentration-dependent diffusion models were employed to interpret the experimental data.

    • Main Results:

    • Water diffusivity in basaltic melts is significantly higher (30-50 times) than in rhyolitic melts.
    • Water diffusion is best modeled by considering molecular H2O diffusion with local equilibrium between H2O and OH groups.
    • Water diffusivity in basaltic melts exceeds CO2 diffusivity, contrary to prior assumptions.

    Conclusions:

    • The high water diffusivity in basaltic melts influences volatile fractionation during magma degassing.
    • Diffusive fractionation can alter the H2O/CO2 ratio in volcanic gases and melt.
    • These findings have implications for understanding volcanic gas emissions and magma chamber processes.