Patent foramen ovale in underwater medicine

The foramen ovale, between the right and left atria, exists in the foetal heart as a vital physiological communication. Haemodynamic closure occurs in the neonatal period with most people having permanent fusion of the foramen. In up to a third of adults the closure is functional only and a potential right to left atrial communication persists as a patent foramen ovale. Studies in patients with decompression illness after diving suggest a consistent increase in the prevalence of patent foramen ovale, as detected by transthoracic contrast echocardiography. The association is strongest for those patients with early onset of neurological decompression illness, particularly those cases occurring in the absence of other risk factors traditionally associated with decompression illness. However, patent foramen ovale is a common finding in the general population and the absolute risk of decompression illness, even in the presence of a patent foramen ovale, remains very low.