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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Exsolved Mineral Phases
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S-process krypton of variable isotopic composition in the Murchison meteorite.

U Ott1, F Begemann, J Yang

  • 1Max-Planck Institut fur Chemie, Mainz, FRG.

Nature
|April 21, 1988
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that s-process krypton in meteorites is a mixture from diverse stellar environments, not a single origin. This finding offers new insights into the nucleosynthesis of elements and early solar system conditions.

Keywords:
NASA Discipline ExobiologyNon-NASA Center

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmochemistry
  • Nuclear Astrophysics
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Current theories attribute element abundance to slow (s-process) and rapid (r-process) neutron capture.
  • Carbonaceous chondrites provide experimental evidence for these nucleosynthesis theories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely determine the isotopic spectrum of s-process krypton (s-Kr).
  • To investigate the origin and astrophysical conditions of s-Kr found in meteorites.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of acid-resistant residues from carbonaceous chondrites.
  • Isotopic analysis of krypton to determine its s-process component.

Main Results:

  • The s-Kr in the Murchison meteorite is a mixture from stellar environments with varying neutron densities.
  • The astrophysical conditions for this s-Kr differ from those explaining Solar System s-process abundances.
  • s-Kr from different sites retained its identity within the meteorite.

Conclusions:

  • Meteoritic s-Kr provides evidence for multiple stellar nucleosynthesis sites.
  • The findings challenge existing models for Solar System element origins.
  • Preservation of isotopic signatures in meteorites offers insights into early cosmic history.