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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Related Experiment Videos

Quantifying radiation risks.

H Smith

    Radiation Protection Dosimetry
    |September 7, 2001
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The International Commission on Radiological Protection

    Related Experiment Videos

    Area of Science:

    • Radiological Protection Science
    • Risk Assessment
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) developed a multi-attribute approach to quantify aggregated detriment.
    • This approach is crucial for establishing radiation safety standards.
    • Understanding aggregated detriment is key to managing radiation risks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the multi-attribute approach for quantifying aggregated detriment.
    • To explain the derivation and application of nominal probability coefficients.
    • To illustrate how dose limits are set based on unacceptable individual consequences.

    Main Methods:

    • Discussion of the ICRP's multi-attribute approach.
    • Utilizing nominal probability coefficients.
    • Establishing dose limits for specific practices.

    Main Results:

    • The multi-attribute approach allows for the quantification of aggregated detriment.
    • Nominal probability coefficients were derived from this approach.
    • A specific dose limit was identified, above which consequences are deemed unacceptable.

    Conclusions:

    • The ICRP's method provides a framework for setting radiation dose limits.
    • Derived coefficients aid in risk assessment for radiological practices.
    • The established dose limits aim to protect individuals from widely unacceptable consequences.