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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

Translational misreading: a tRNA modification counteracts a +2 ribosomal frameshift.

D Brégeon1, V Colot, M Radman

  • 1INSERM EPI9916, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France. bregeon@necker.fr

Genes & Development
|September 7, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Errors in gene expression can harm cells. Genetic studies in E. coli reveal that a +2 translational frameshift, caused by specific tRNA modifications, leads to these errors, impacting cell function.

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Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

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Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
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Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

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Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein
05:48

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Gene expression errors, from DNA to proteins, can be detrimental to cellular function.
  • Ribosomal frameshifting is a known mechanism that can alter protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of translational errors in Escherichia coli.
  • To identify genetic factors controlling frameshifting during gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive genetic studies were performed using a modified lacZ gene in E. coli.
  • Analysis focused on a GA repeat sequence and its impact on translational accuracy.
  • Investigated the roles of MnmE and GidA proteins in tRNA modification and frameshifting.

Main Results:

  • Errors predominantly occur via a +2 translational frameshift in E. coli.
  • This frameshift is linked to tRNA hypomodification in mnmE(-) and gidA(-) strains.
  • A combination of decreased codon-anticodon affinity, repetitive mRNA, and translational pausing contributes to the frameshift.

Conclusions:

  • MnmE and GidA proteins function in the same tRNA modification pathway, and its absence causes the +2 translational frameshift.
  • GidA possesses additional functions beyond its role in tRNA modification, as indicated by differential effects on cell growth.