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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases
09:54

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases

Published on: December 26, 2011

Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans.

G D Brown1, S Gordon

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. gbrown@molbiol.ox.ac.uk

Nature
|September 7, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Beta-1,3-d-glucans activate immune cells by binding to receptors. This study identifies dectin-1 as a key receptor, enhancing our understanding of innate immune recognition of beta-glucans.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Glycobiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Beta-1,3-d-glucans are carbohydrate polymers with significant immune-modulating properties.
  • These compounds stimulate antitumour and antimicrobial activities by activating immune cells like macrophages.
  • Existing knowledge indicated beta-glucans bind to receptors, including complement receptor 3, but suggested the presence of an additional receptor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the unknown beta-glucan receptor present on macrophages.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of innate immune recognition of beta-glucans.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved identifying a novel receptor on macrophages involved in beta-glucan binding.
  • Experimental approaches likely included cell-based assays and molecular identification techniques.

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Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals
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Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

Published on: February 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases
09:54

Identification and Characterization of Protein Glycosylation using Specific Endo- and Exoglycosidases

Published on: December 26, 2011

A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood
06:28

A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood

Published on: August 12, 2016

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals
08:49

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

Published on: February 14, 2019

Main Results:

  • The unknown beta-glucan receptor on macrophages was identified as dectin-1.
  • This identification provides crucial new insights into how the innate immune system recognizes beta-glucans.

Conclusions:

  • Dectin-1 is a key receptor mediating the interaction between beta-1,3-d-glucans and macrophages.
  • The discovery of dectin-1 advances the understanding of innate immunity and beta-glucan function.