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Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
Published on: May 10, 2021
Peak deformation in cationic analysis caused by system zones.
1Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, The Netherlands. j.l.beckers@tue.nl
System zones (SZs) in electrophoresis, distinct from sample components, can interfere with separations. This study analyzes SZs in cationic systems, using histamine as an example, and provides a model to predict their impact.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Separation Science
- Electrophoresis
Background:
- System zones (SZs) are distinct zones migrating in electrophoretic separations.
- These zones, not from the sample mixture, can deform sample peak shapes and disturb separations.
- SZs formation is linked to BGE composition, including co-ionic species or extreme pH.
Purpose of the Study:
- To discuss diverse system zones in cationic systems.
- To demonstrate the effect of invisible SZs on separations.
- To investigate the behavior of histamine as a weak multivalent cation in BGEs for indirect UV detection of cations.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of system zones in cationic systems.
- Study of histamine's behavior as a co-ion in background electrolyte (BGE).
- Theoretical establishment of SZs existence using SystCharts.
- Verification of a mathematical model for SZ mobility calculation.
Main Results:
- System zones (SZs) can be visible or invisible in electropherograms.
- Histamine, a divalent cation, forms visible SZs when used in BGEs.
- A mathematical model for SZ mobility was verified.
- An "unsafe region" for separations, defined by a mobility window of msp +/- 10%, was indicated.
Conclusions:
- System zones significantly impact electrophoretic separations, especially when sample components have similar mobilities.
- Histamine can be effectively used in BGEs, leading to visible SZs that aid in understanding separation dynamics.
- The developed model and indicated unsafe region provide valuable guidance for optimizing electrophoretic separations and avoiding interference from system zones.
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