Traceability in cattle and small ruminants in Canada.

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Science
• Animal Health
• Food Safety

Background:

• International concern over bovine spongiform encephalopathy and foot and mouth disease outbreaks.
• Need for robust animal identification and traceback systems for livestock.
• Balancing cost, reliability, and usability in national identification programs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate the implementation of Canada's national cattle identification program.
• To assess the suitability of various identification technologies for livestock.
• To inform national strategies for animal traceability and disease control.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of Canada's national identification program for cattle, initiated January 1, 2001.
• Evaluation of cost, reliability, ease of use, data transfer, fraud protection, food chain safety, and animal welfare.
• Review of alternative technologies: electronic identification, DNA fingerprinting, and retinal imaging.

Main Results:

• Canada's national program uses ear tags for individual animal and herd of origin identification.
• Annual operating costs are estimated at Can$0.20 per head (excluding ear tags).
• Electronic identification and DNA fingerprinting are currently too costly or slow; retinal imaging lacks sufficient testing for mandatory use.

Conclusions:

• Ear tag-based identification is currently the most practical solution for Canada's national cattle program.
• Advanced technologies require further development and cost reduction for mandatory implementation.
• Effective traceback systems are crucial for managing livestock health and ensuring food safety.