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Viruses of lower vertebrates
1WHO Centre for Comparative Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. sandra.essbauer@micro.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de
Summary
Viruses affecting fish, amphibians, and reptiles are causing significant economic losses and wildlife declines. This review details key RNA and DNA viruses impacting these lower vertebrate populations globally.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Virology
- Wildlife Disease Ecology
- Aquatic Animal Health
Background:
- Increasing epizootics and economic losses in lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles) have raised public interest.
- Poikilothermic animals, both wild and in collections, are affected by viral diseases worldwide.
- Viral infections contribute to significant economic impacts, particularly in fish aquaculture.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current knowledge of important RNA and DNA viruses infecting lower vertebrates.
- To highlight the role of these viruses in disease outbreaks and wildlife population declines.
- To provide an overview of viruses relevant to aquaculture and conservation efforts.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of viral pathogens in lower vertebrates.
- Analysis of reported epizootics and economic impacts associated with viral infections.
- Identification and categorization of key RNA and DNA viruses affecting fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
Main Results:
- Several RNA viruses (e.g., orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, rhabdo-, retroviruses) and DNA viruses (e.g., parvo-, irido-, herpesviruses) are significant pathogens.
- Viral diseases cause substantial economic losses, especially in fish aquaculture.
- Certain DNA viruses, including iridoviruses, herpesviruses, and polyomaviruses, are implicated in the decline of endangered amphibian and reptile species.
Conclusions:
- Understanding viral pathogens in lower vertebrates is crucial for managing economic losses and wildlife conservation.
- Emerging viral threats require continued research and surveillance to mitigate impacts on aquaculture and endangered species.
- This review consolidates knowledge on a wide range of viruses affecting lower vertebrates, providing a foundation for future research and disease management strategies.