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Related Concept Videos

Pedigree Analysis01:35

Pedigree Analysis

Overview
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Polydactyly in the American Indian.

G J Bingle, J D Niswander

    American Journal of Human Genetics
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Polydactyly, a congenital anomaly, occurs more frequently in American Indians than Caucasians, with specific types showing higher incidences. Genetic factors likely play a significant role in these varying population frequencies.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Genetics
    • Anthropology
    • Congenital Anomalies

    Background:

    • Polydactyly exhibits varying prevalence across different ethnic groups.
    • American Indians show a higher incidence of polydactyly compared to Caucasians.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the incidence and patterns of polydactyly in American Indians.
    • To explore the genetic basis of polydactyly variations among populations.

    Main Methods:

    • Epidemiological analysis of polydactyly incidence in American Indians.
    • Comparison of polydactyly type distribution and laterality across ethnic groups.

    Main Results:

    • American Indians have a minimum polydactyly incidence of 2.40 per 1,000 live births.

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  • Preaxial type 1 polydactyly is 3-4 times more common in American Indians than in Caucasians or Negroes.
  • A male predilection is observed in American Indians, and preaxial type 1 is typically unilateral.

    • Conclusions:

    • Evidence suggests distinct gene frequencies for polydactyly in different populations.
    • Genetic determination is a major factor in polydactyly, as indicated by studies in admixed populations.
    • Current data do not support a simple genetic model for the observed polydactyly variations.