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Thermodynamics "beyond" local equilibrium.

J M Vilar1, J M Rubi

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. vilar@princeton.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 20, 2001
PubMed
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Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is extended beyond systems near equilibrium by viewing diffusion far from equilibrium as locally balanced. This approach resolves thermodynamic description challenges and incorporates inertial effects in diffusion processes.

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is widely applicable but limited to systems near equilibrium.
  • The local equilibrium hypothesis is a key assumption in current formulations.
  • Describing systems far from equilibrium using thermodynamics presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the applicability of nonequilibrium thermodynamics to systems far from equilibrium.
  • To resolve ambiguities in thermodynamic descriptions of diffusion processes.
  • To incorporate inertial effects into the thermodynamic framework for diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Reformulating local equilibrium in an extended space including all relevant variables.
  • Analyzing diffusion processes using the extended thermodynamic framework.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Explicitly examining inertial effects within this new framework.

    • Main Results:

    • Diffusion processes far from equilibrium can be treated as being at local equilibrium in an extended variable space.
    • This extended description eliminates difficulties and ambiguities in thermodynamic analysis.
    • Inertial effects in diffusion are explicitly analyzed and incorporated.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework successfully extends nonequilibrium thermodynamics to systems far from equilibrium.
    • This approach provides a robust method for thermodynamically describing complex diffusion processes.
    • The methodology has potential applications in various scientific and engineering fields.