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Related Concept Videos

Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958). An internal factor is an...
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Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Correspondence Bias01:17

Correspondence Bias

Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the prevalence of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
10:43

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Published on: June 10, 2021

Accommodation and the Stiles-Crawford effect: theory and a case study.

P B Kruger1, N López-Gil, L R Stark

  • 1Schnurmacher Institute for Vision Research, State College of Optometry, State University of New York, NY 10036, USA. pkxx@aol.com

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
|September 21, 2001
PubMed
Summary

The Stiles-Crawford effect does not appear to drive accommodation in a single subject, even when manipulated. Further research is needed to confirm if this visual perception cue influences focusing.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Visual Neuroscience
  • Photoreceptor Physiology

Background:

  • The Stiles-Crawford effect (Type I) describes how the perceived brightness of a light source varies with its entry point into the pupil.
  • Fincham first proposed the Stiles-Crawford effect as a potential stimulus for the eye's accommodation reflex, but this hypothesis remained experimentally untested.

Observation:

  • This study investigated the role of the Stiles-Crawford effect in accommodation using a monochromatic sine grating stimulus.
  • Apodising filters were employed to manipulate the natural Stiles-Crawford function (neutralizing, reversing, or doubling it).

Findings:

  • The mean accommodative gain showed no significant reduction when the natural Stiles-Crawford function was neutralized or reversed.
  • These results suggest that, for the individual studied, the average Stiles-Crawford effect does not mediate the accommodation response to optical defocus.

Implications:

  • The findings challenge the hypothesis that the Stiles-Crawford effect directly stimulates accommodation.
  • Further investigation across a broader subject pool is warranted to validate these observations.
  • Alternative mechanisms for how directionally sensitive cone receptors detect light vergence are considered.