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Updated: Aug 9, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
Published on: April 24, 2017
An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research
P S Jones1, J W Lee, L R Phillips
1Loma Linda University School of Nursing, California 92350, USA. pjones@sn.llu.edu
Background:
The number of nurse scientists pursuing cross-cultural research using quantitative designs is increasing. Preparation of instruments that are conceptually and functionally appropriate in the language of the participants is a complex process that needs examination.
Objectives:
Brislin's classic model for translation and validation of instruments for cross-cultural research is critiqued. Adaptations and extensions of that model are recommended.
Methods:
Brislin's model guided tool preparation in a cross-cultural investigation. The process is described and lessons learned are outlined and discussed.
Conclusions:
Steps toward a more efficient and valid approach to the preparation of instruments are suggested.
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