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Fluid volume control during short-term space flight and implications for human performance.

D E Watenpaugh1

  • 1Department of Integrative Physiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. watenpaugh@nsmrl.navy.mil

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|October 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Spaceflight causes significant fluid loss and hypovolemia due to reduced intake and fluid shifts, not diuresis. In-flight exercise may help mitigate these fluid volume changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Human physiology
  • Space medicine
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Space flight significantly impacts human fluid volume regulation.
  • Early spaceflight involves cardiac distension and plasma volume contraction.
  • Microgravity induces hypovolemia, but not through natriuresis or diuresis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of fluid volume control during space flight.
  • To understand the physiological responses to microgravity.
  • To explore strategies for maintaining fluid balance in astronauts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fluid volume changes in microgravity.
  • Measurement of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels.
  • Assessment of fluid and electrolyte excretion responses.

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  • Evaluation of exercise performance and orthostatic tolerance.

    • Main Results:

    • Extracellular fluid volume decreases by 10-15% in microgravity.
    • Red blood cell mass declines by approximately 10% within a week.
    • Urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels elevate significantly during launch.
    • Fluid and volume excretory responses to saline infusion are reduced in flight.
    • Reduced fluid intake contributes to hypovolemia, independent of space motion sickness.

    Conclusions:

    • Microgravity acclimation shifts central circulation to a state resembling upright posture.
    • Fluid loss in space impairs post-flight exercise performance.
    • In-flight exercise may prevent fluid loss and preserve exercise capacity.
    • Maintaining orthostatic tolerance requires fluid management and blood pressure control stimulation.