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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation.

The EMBO journal·2001
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Regulation of human telomerase activity: repression by normal chromosome 3 abolishes nuclear telomerase reverse transcriptase transcripts but does not affect c-Myc activity.

Cancer research·2001
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Human telomerase contains two cooperating telomerase RNA molecules.

The EMBO journal·2001
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Rearrangements of minisatellites in the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene are not correlated with its expression in colon carcinomas.

Oncogene·2001
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Euplotes telomerase contains an La motif protein produced by apparent translational frameshifting.

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Telomerase-dependent repeat divergence at the 3' ends of yeast telomeres.

Nucleic acids research·2000

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
12:04

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Published on: June 24, 2019

Molecular basis for telomere repeat divergence in budding yeast.

K Förstemann1, J Lingner

  • 1Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.

Molecular and Cellular Biology
|October 5, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Telomerase RNA template variations in yeast lead to diverse telomere repeats. This occurs through incomplete reverse transcription and template alignment, influencing telomere length regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme crucial for maintaining linear chromosome ends (telomeres).
  • Telomere shortening occurs due to incomplete DNA replication, and telomerase counteracts this by adding repetitive sequences.
  • In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, telomere repeat sequences are degenerate despite a single telomerase RNA gene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms causing degenerate telomere repeat sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To understand how the telomerase RNA template influences telomere sequence diversity.
  • To elucidate the role of reverse transcription and template alignment in telomere synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of telomere sequences generated by wild-type and mutant telomerase RNA templates in vivo.
  • Interpretation of sequence data to infer template-substrate interactions and reverse transcription processivity.
  • Identification of specific nucleotides within the RNA template and their role in base pairing and conformational changes.

Main Results:

  • Telomere repeat divergence results from abortive reverse transcription and multiple alignment registers within the RNA template.
  • Specific template nucleotides are inaccessible for base pairing until after alignment, suggesting conformational changes upon substrate binding.
  • The central portion of the telomerase RNA template is reverse transcribed processively.

Conclusions:

  • Template inaccessibility and processive polymerization limit repeat diversification.
  • These mechanisms may enhance the incorporation of binding sites for Rap1p, the budding yeast telomere-binding protein.
  • Understanding telomerase RNA template function is key to telomere length regulation and genome stability.