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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...
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Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
07:54

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions

Published on: March 9, 2021

Constraint to adaptive evolution in response to global warming.

J R Etterson1, R G Shaw

  • 1University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Minnesota Center for Community Genetics, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. jre7e@virginia.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 6, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Native prairie plants face climate change challenges. Genetic factors limit their ability to adapt to warmer, drier conditions, suggesting slow evolutionary responses compared to rapid climate shifts.

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Last Updated: Jul 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plant evolutionary biology
  • Climate change adaptation
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Global climate models predict warmer, arid conditions.
  • Native North American prairie plants are vital to ecosystem health.
  • Understanding plant adaptive capacity is crucial for conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic architecture of prairie plant populations.
  • To assess their adaptive potential under simulated future climates.
  • To determine if genetic constraints limit evolutionary responses to climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Field studies simulating predicted climate change.
  • Characterization of genetic variance for key traits.
  • Analysis of among-trait genetic correlations.
  • Estimation of predicted rates of evolutionary response.

Main Results:

  • Significant genetic variance exists for traits under selection.
  • Antagonistic genetic correlations among traits impede adaptive evolution.
  • Evolutionary response rates are predicted to be slower than climate change rates.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic constraints, specifically antagonistic correlations, limit prairie plant adaptation.
  • Current adaptive evolution rates are insufficient to match projected climate change.
  • Conservation strategies may need to account for limited evolutionary rescue potential.