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Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules. Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

Anaphase Promoting Complex

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

Anaphase Promoting Complex

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

The ZW10 and Rough Deal checkpoint proteins function together in a large, evolutionarily conserved complex targeted

F Scaërou¹, D A Starr, F Piano

¹CNRS, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Journal of Cell Science

|October 9, 2001

Summary

The Rough Deal (ROD) and Zeste-white 10 (ZW10) proteins are evolutionarily conserved kinetochore components. They physically associate and are essential for each other’s recruitment to the mitotic apparatus, ensuring proper chromosome segregation.

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Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

The zeste-white 10 (zw10) and rough deal (rod) genes encode essential kinetochore components.
Mutations in zw10 or rod lead to significant sister chromatid missegregation during mitosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary conservation and functional relationship between ROD and ZW10 proteins.
To elucidate the physical association and complex formation of ROD and ZW10.

Main Methods:

Genetic analysis in Drosophila and C. elegans.
Cytological studies including protein colocalization.
Biochemical assays to determine protein association and complex size.

Main Results:

Phenotypes of zw10 and rod mutants are similar and not additive in double mutants.
ROD and ZW10 proteins colocalize in both Drosophila and human cells.
ROD and ZW10 physically associate and form a large macromolecular complex (700-900 kDa) in Drosophila.

Conclusions:

ROD and ZW10 function in a conserved, closely related manner.
The proteins are mutually dependent for their localization to the mitotic apparatus.
ROD and ZW10 are integral components of a large complex critical for accurate chromosome segregation.