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Related Concept Videos

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Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis

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A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening into the trachea, typically at the second or third cartilaginous ring level. This opening allows the insertion of a tracheostomy tube, which can replace an endotracheal tube, provide mechanical ventilation, bypass an upper airway obstruction, or remove accumulated tracheobronchial secretions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited
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The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

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Diving after stapedectomy: clinical experience and recommendations.

J W House1, E H Toh, A Perez

  • 1Clinical Studies Department, House Ear Clinic and Institute, 2100 West Third Street, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|October 11, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Stapes surgery patients can safely scuba dive or skydive. This study found no increased risk of inner ear barotrauma for divers after stapedectomy, with proper eustachian tube function.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Aerospace Medicine
  • Diving Medicine

Background:

  • Controversy exists regarding the risk of inner ear barotrauma after stapes surgery in scuba and sky divers.
  • Consensus on post-stapedectomy barometric exposure restrictions is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Determine the prevalence of adverse auditory/vestibular sequelae in patients after stapes surgery who engage in scuba and sky diving.
  • Provide recommendations for barometric exposure following stapes surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Survey questionnaires were sent to 2222 patients who underwent stapedectomies.
  • 140 respondents who had engaged in diving activities after surgery completed a detailed questionnaire.
  • Survey data and medical records of 28 patients who scuba or sky dived were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • 18.1% of scuba divers (4/22) reported otologic symptoms during dives (otalgia, tinnitus, transient vertigo).
  • 22.2% of skydivers (2/9) reported otologic symptoms during dives.
  • No significant long-term labyrinthine injury was observed in any of the 28 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Stapedectomy does not appear to elevate the risk of inner ear barotrauma in scuba and sky divers.
  • These activities can be pursued with relative safety post-stapes surgery if eustachian tube function is adequate.