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Immune function of astrocytes.

Y Dong1, E N Benveniste

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005, USA.

Glia
|October 12, 2001
PubMed
Summary
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Astrocytes act as immune cells in the brain, presenting antigens and producing immune mediators. This review explores their role in CNS immune responses and neurological diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Central Nervous System (CNS) Biology

Background:

  • Astrocytes are the primary glial cells in the CNS, crucial for maintaining homeostasis.
  • This review focuses on astrocytes as immunocompetent cells within the brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunological functions of astrocytes.
  • To discuss their role in antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and immune mediator production.
  • To highlight their significance in neurological diseases with an immune component.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of astrocyte immunology.
  • Analysis of astrocyte expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules.
  • Examination of astrocyte-derived chemokines and cytokines.

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Main Results:

  • Astrocytes express Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and costimulatory molecules (B7, CD40) for antigen presentation.
  • Astrocytes function as immune effector cells, influencing brain inflammation and promoting Th2 responses.
  • Astrocytes produce various chemokines and cytokines with immunomodulatory properties.

Conclusions:

  • Astrocytes play a significant role in the brain's immune system.
  • Their antigen-presenting and mediator-producing capabilities are critical in neurological diseases.
  • Understanding astrocyte immunology is key to addressing CNS immune pathologies.