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Related Concept Videos

Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity.  In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to form...
Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
Tight Junctions01:29

Tight Junctions

Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
Dense Connective Tissue01:13

Dense Connective Tissue

Dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue. As a consequence, it displays greater resistance to stretching. There are two major categories of dense connective tissue— regular and irregular.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
In dense regular connective tissue, fibers are arranged parallel to each other, enhancing its tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientations. Ligaments and tendons are made of dense regular...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...

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Encapsulation Thermogenic Preadipocytes for Transplantation into Adipose Tissue Depots
08:30

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Published on: June 2, 2015

High-density lipoproteins and endothelial function.

B J O'Connell1, J Genest

  • 1Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Circulation
|October 17, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I protect against coronary artery disease by facilitating cholesterol removal. These particles engage in complex interactions influencing various cellular processes vital for cardiovascular health.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) levels are associated with protection against coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • HDL particles play a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport, moving cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HDL interaction is key to developing CAD therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying lipoprotein interactions in the context of cardiovascular health.
  • To explore how HDL particle interactions influence cellular pathways relevant to atherosclerosis and CAD.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the molecular and cellular interactions of HDL particles, specifically involving apolipoprotein A-I.
  • It examines the non-bilayer interactions, including protein-receptor engagement, phospholipid interactions, and cellular signaling activation.

Main Results:

  • Lipoprotein interaction is complex, involving specific protein-receptor binding and charged phospholipid contacts, not just membrane fusion.
  • These interactions trigger cellular signaling pathways that regulate critical cellular functions.
  • Key regulated processes include vasomotor function, platelet activation, thrombosis/thrombolysis, cell adhesion, apoptosis, proliferation, and cholesterol homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • HDL cholesterol and ApoA-I confer protection against CAD through sophisticated molecular interactions.
  • These interactions modulate a wide array of cellular processes, impacting vascular health and disease.
  • Further research into these pathways could reveal novel therapeutic targets for CAD.