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Updated: Oct 4, 2026

Advanced Animal Model of Colorectal Metastasis in Liver: Imaging Techniques and Properties of Metastatic Clones
Published on: November 30, 2016
The two-stage clonal expansion model as an example of a biologically based model of radiation-induced cancer
W F Heidenreich1, H G Paretzke
1GSF-Institute of Radiation Protection, 85758 Neuherberg, Germany. Heidenreich@gsf.de
Abstract:
A model with two stages and clonal expansion (TSCE) is reviewed as a prototype for biologically based models of cancer development. Applications of the TSCE model to data sets for animals and humans for particle radiation (alpha particles) are presented. The results suggest that the radiation not only influences the initiating mutation, but may also act as a promoter. A possible mechanism for the promoting action is described. The consequences of these results for the shapes of the radiation dose-response curves at low doses and dose rates are discussed.
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