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Updated: Oct 4, 2026

Force System with Vertical V-Bends: A 3D In Vitro Assessment of Elastic and Rigid Rectangular Archwires
Published on: July 24, 2018
Force-deflection properties of superelastic nickel-titanium archwires
J A Gurgel1, S Kerr, J M Powers
1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Sciences, University of Marília, Bauru, Brazil.
Abstract:
This in vitro study compared the force-deflection behavior of 8 superelastic nickel-titanium orthodontic wires (0.017 x 0.025 in) under controlled moment and temperature. To simulate leveling a lateral incisor, brackets and first molar tubes without tip and angulation were used. The wires (n = 5) were ligated into stainless steel brackets attached to a plastic jig to simulate a mandibular arch. A testing machine (Instron) applied deflections of 0.2 to 2.0 mm at 35 degrees C in the lateral incisor area. Force-deflection diagrams were determined from the passive position to an activation of 2 mm and then during deactivation. Forces on deactivation at a deflection of 1 mm were compared by analysis of variance. Significant differences (P < .05) in forces were observed among wires. All wires exhibited superelastic behavior, but in stratified loading levels.
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