Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing vector...

Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape velocity with the...

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of motion,...

Doppler Effect - I

Doppler Effect - I

The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Consider an observer standing on a street corner, observing an ambulance with a siren sound passing by at a constant speed. The observer experiences two characteristic changes in the sound of the siren. Initially, the sound increases in loudness as the ambulance approaches and decreases in...

Distance Problem

Distance Problem

When an object's velocity changes over time, the total distance traveled can be determined by summing small displacement intervals over short increments. This approach approximates the true distance through numerical summation and the use of integral calculus. An estimate of the total displacement can be obtained by measuring velocity at regular intervals and multiplying each value by the corresponding time step.If a runner accelerates over the first three seconds of a race, speed measurements...

The Distance Formula

The Distance Formula

In geometry, measuring the direct distance between two points on a plane is essential in various practical and theoretical applications. Whether in navigation, engineering, or computer graphics, determining the shortest path between two locations involves using the distance formula. This formula is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem, which relates the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. On a coordinate plane, the horizontal and vertical distances between two points serve as the legs of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The nature of the redshift and directly observed quasar statistics.

Die Naturwissenschaften·2016

Same author

Is redshift-dependent evolution of galaxies a theoretical artifact?

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·1999

Same author

Cosmological implications of a large complete quasar sample.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·1998

Same author

The Black-Scholes pricing formula in the quantum context.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·1998

Same author

Convergence of quantum electrodynamics in a curved modification of Minkowski space.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·1994

Same author

Geometric derivation of the chronometric redshift.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·1993

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Published on: January 9, 2017

The redshift-distance relation.

¹Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|June 1, 1993

Summary

The Hubble law

Area of Science:

Cosmology
Extragalactic Astronomy

Background:

The Hubble law is a cornerstone of modern cosmology, describing the expansion of the universe.
Discrepancies have been observed between Hubble law predictions and observational data for extragalactic sources.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the consistency of the Hubble law and the Lundmark law with observational data.
To investigate the flux-redshift relationship and its implications for cosmological models.

Main Methods:

Analysis of complete samples of extragalactic sources across optical, infrared, and X-ray wave bands.
Statistical assessment of the Lundmark law's predictive power compared to the Hubble law.
Application of an optimal statistical method to account for flux limits in flux-redshift relation analysis.

More Related Videos

High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

Published on: May 13, 2017

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Published on: December 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

Published on: January 9, 2017

High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

Published on: May 13, 2017

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Published on: December 11, 2021

Main Results:

Hubble law predictions show significant excess dispersion in apparent magnitude compared to observations.
The Lundmark law demonstrates consistency with observational data and explains deviations from Hubble law predictions.
The flux-redshift law F ~ (1 + z)/z aligns with observations, suggesting a spherical space model.

Conclusions:

The Lundmark law offers a more accurate description of extragalactic source observations than the Hubble law.
The observed flux-redshift relation supports a cosmological model with a fixed spherical space, potentially refining estimates of the universe's radius.